Over the weekend, Adam Posen, a former member of the Bank of England’s Monetary Policy Committee, made a point beloved of economists but all-too-rare in circles of public debate: there’s not actually any reason to think home ownership is a good thing. Posen writes (in the Financial Times, although it’s reposted outside the paywall by his employers the Peterson Institute):
Policies to increase home ownership do not necessarily improve the supply or distribution of housing, as the UK experience demonstrates, and often works against it. The OECD’s Better Life Index shows that no relationship exists between a country’s home-ownership levels and its average housing satisfaction and quality. And there is no iron law that higher-income economies must have higher rates of home ownership: Mexico, Nepal and Russia all have home-ownership rates of more than 80 per cent, while the French, German and Japanese rates are 30-40 percentage points lower. The US and the UK rates sit between them at about 65 to 70 per cent.
As housing policy, home ownership is pretty bloody terrible. Matt Yglesias, commenting on Posen’s post, points out that it’s essentially encouraging massive investments in what is, at heart, a consumer good. (Land is a commodity, but the house on top is a durable good). That then leads to the political debate around housing turning into a debate around how best to preserve the value of that consumer good. Imagine, Yglesias writes, a world in which most people had a car worth hundreds of thousands of pounds:
If we banned the construction of new cars and trucks, then America’s existing stock of cars and trucks would become more valuable, but this would be a way of impoverishing the country, not enriching it.
To make the same point more succinctly, I always like coming back to Dan Davies of Crooked Timber:
.@thrustvector the whole of British housing policy can be seen as an effort to reduce the cost of housing without affecting house prices
Give a gift subscription to the New Statesman this Christmas from just £49— Dan Davies (@dsquareddigest) November 23, 2012
Housing policy requires cheap houses, but the politics of lots of people owning houses leads to a pressure for continued increase in the sale price of homes.
(That’s made worse still by the peculiarities of the UK housing market, specifically the typical way buy-to-let financing works. The landlord buys a house, the rent pays the mortgage, and then they profit from the appreciation on the property. That means it’s not enough even for house prices to be stable; they need continued, reliable increases)
Indirectly, then, policies to support homeownership render effective housing policy impossible. But they also have damaging direct effects.
Treating homeownership as an untrammelled good serves to disguise the trade-off inherent in buying a house. Renting has a place in the housing mix: it allows people to live in a house without being tied to it, lets them pass on the financial risk of repairs, lets them avoid the need for loans or capital, and lets them downsize fair By increasing the relative cost of renting, the choice between owning a house and renting one becomes a no-brainer: if you can afford a house, you should buy one.
That leads to the sort of problems highlighted by David Blanchflower and Andrew Oswald earlier this year: homeownership is correlated with unemployment. Buying a house ties you to a particular area, and a particular labour market; it increases the hurdle required to move to find work. Similarly, buying a house locks you into a particular mortgage payment, making it a lot harder to take a pay cut (while retraining, say), which can amplify the effects of sectoral shifts.
Homeownership as a policy to be pursued has a steadily increasing set of downsides, and a steadily decreasing set of upsides. Whether that means change will actually come is a different question, though.
Content from our partners
Related
